|
|
Levels of knowledge of Russian language
"Step by step" is a gradual promotion on levels of Russian language.
The elementary program has been designed for the students possesing zero level of Russian and for those who know just a few words.
To pass two stages of elementary level you`ll need 80-120 аc./hours.
Stage 1
The alphabet, studying of 300 new words, competent pronunciation, spelling and reading, studying of paramount grammar. Upon termination of you seize the colloquial and written Russian connected with household situations and real events, occuring in a daily life.
Stage 2 Fastening of the material which has been passed at 1-st stage, gradual mastering by time forms of verbs, case system, more than 300 new expressions, perception on hearing of Russian speech, fast reaction to the questions set by the teacher and skill to set passers. Upon termination of this stage the lexicon of the student makes 750 words.
The basic programme has been designed to allow students at the elementary stage to accelerate their knowledge of Russian.
Stage 1
You improve the knowledge in sphere of "every day" lexicon. Thus verbs of the perfect and imperfect kind, an adverb, a pronoun, adjectives, participles and verbal adverbs are actively used in speech. More than 400 new expressions. You can make the message on a theme " My family ", "Health", "Vacation", "Phone conversation", " My hobby ", etc.
Stage 2
At this stage you reach a high level of knowledge of grammar. Special texts of "business" sphere of Russian, the firms connected with work, marketing and advertising are entered into lexicon. At the given stage also the "public" sphere also is considered. You can transfer and estimate the information heard on TV, read through in the newspaper.
Stage 3
Your conversation becomes very active, its rate is accelerated, almost full knowledge of grammar. The subjects of "cultural" sphere is included in lexicon - history of Russia, history of becoming of Moscow and other cities, conversations about scientists and cultures. Conversations are entered into practice of dialogue on products of the Russian writers
The intermediate programme has been designed to allow students at the basic stage to accelerate their knowledge of Russian language.
The programme includes perfection of knowledge of the case system, the use of times and verbal aspects, verbs of motion with prefixes and without prefixes. You improve the knowledge in sphere of "every day" lexicon. The accent - on complex grammar and speaking.
At this stage you have free possession of a spoken language in different situations, the big lexicon, full knowledge of grammar, opportunity to read not adapted literature in Russian language. Advanced level allows to conduct a professional activity in Russian.
History of russian language
Russian language, language of Russian nation, belongs to the most widespread languages of the world. It is an official and working language of the United Nations. According to census of 1970, number of speaking in Russian language - approximately 183 million.
The beginnings of russian language one should seek in antiquity. Approximately in 2-1 millenium B.C . protoslavic language separated from dialects of Indo-European language family.
In 1-st century slavic territory extended. 3 closely related groups were formed: east (an old russian nationality), western (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, coast-dwellers) and southern (its representatives - Bulgarian, Serbians, Croats, Slovenes, macedonians).
East Slavic (old russian) language has existed since 7 till 14 century. In 10th century Cyrillic character evolved from old russian language and reached high blossoming ("Ostromirovo gospel", (11 century); "the Word about the law and the grace" by Kiev metropolitan Illarion, 11 century; "Povest` vremennyh let", the beginnings 12 century; "Slovo o polku Igoreve", 12 century; "Russkaya pravda", 11-12 centuries).
The feudal fragmentation, the mongolo-tatar yoke (13-15 centuries), the Polish-Lithuanian conquests have resulted in disintegration of an old russian nationality and, as a result, promoted the rise of dialects. The unity of old russian language broken up. 3 centers of the new ethnolanguage associations struggling for the slavic originality were formed: northeast (Great Russian), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians).
In 14-15 centuries on the basis of these associations develop closely related, but independent slavic languages: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarus.
Russian language of the epoch of Moscow principality (14-17 centuries) had complex history. Dialect features continued to develop.
Moscow dialect began to play the leading role. Originally it was compound, then has developed in harmonous system. It had peculiarities: akan`e; strong reduction of vowel not struck syllables, etc.
The Moscow dialect gradually becomes model and a basis of Russian literary language.
Book slavic language, by origin Old Bulgarian, later influenced by russian language, basically served needs of religion and rudiments of scientific knowledge .
In 17th century bases of russian nation are layed down. In 1708 there was a division of the civil and church slavic alphabet. In 18 and
the beginning of 19 centuries was widely spread secular written language, the church literature was removed on a background.
Scientific, technical, military, administrative and other terminology roughly developed. That caused the big inflow to russian language of words and expressions from the West-European languages.
From 18 century on Russian lexicon and phraseology were influenced by French language.
Collision of different language elements and need for general literary russian language put a problem of creation of unified national language norms. The decision was found
in sharp struggle of different currents. Democrats aspired to make literary russian language closer to popular speech, the reactionary clergy tried to keep cleanliness of archaic "Slovene" language, obscure to wide layers of the population.
|
|
